SATURDAY, MARCH 5, 2011
The Hollow Earth Theory
The Hollow Earth Theory
THE HOLLOW EARTH THEORY
Part 1: Introduction
Part 2: Hollow Earth Hypothesis,Subterranean civilizations,agartha
Part 3: Hollow Earth – Is agartha a real city?
Part 4: Hollow Earth – Holes in the north and south poles
Part 5: A new age, Billy Meyer, Hollow Earth
Video Documentaries: 17 videos – Total length: 155 minutes
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PART 1
INTRODUCTION
One concept, and potential bombshell of a game changer, has always stood out. It did so by stealth. Hollow Earth just pretended to be another loony idea that, you know, some people just seem to get a kick out of. Only after looking at it in detail and absorbing the available information did I realize how much it actually means. Would mean. Apparently, does mean. And it can only be true or false. There is no middle ground, only hollow ground or solid ground.
The range of the implications of the earth being hollow are important. Hugely, massively (pun) important. They go as far as explaining dozens of anomalies that surround us. All freaking kinds of parallel, alternative, weird and conspiratorial ideas. In a word: woowoo ideas. Ideas which are becoming mainstream, and not that it matters what a majority of any kind thinks or what opinions it holds. The masses are dark (doesn’t) matter in the larger scheme of things.
This first part about the Ultimate Woowoo intends to synthesize as much as possible what one has to look at and know about to get a basic idea. There is also an emphasis on visual evidence in this introduction to the Hollow Earth.
Below is a four-minute video with a collection of images-only (with music) related to Hollow Earth. You see so many strange images that you may want to stop the video repeatedly. But we will get to most of the weirdness further into this article anyway, in upcoming additional parts. Look at this video as a visual introduction to the Hollow Earth.
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VIDEO DOCUMENTARY PART 1
The Hollow Earth
1 video
Total Lenght: 4 Minutes
I can tell you right away, this is going to be a little irritating. Why? Because while sifting through a lot of material, and trying to condense it into one conveniently-sized article, it became larger and larger. And the chances for a manageable, readable article became smaller and smaller.
They say something to the effect that the more far-out a claim, the more solid the evidence for it has to be. In one sentence: “Solid Evidence for the Hollow Earth, please!”
Below is a series of still images from the NASA video, which is the aurora australis of the south pole, overlaid on the ‘Blue Marble’ image of Earth. If you can zoom into your desktop, now would be a good moment to do it.
[Above: NASA IMAGE satellite, 2005: Aurora Australis,http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=6226 . From the NASA website: 'The IMAGE observations of the aurora are overlaid onto NASA's satellite-based Blue Marble image. Imager for Magnetopause-to- Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) satellite launched in 2000.'] - download animation(5 MB, QuickTime)
The Ultimate Irritating Mystery — And (this takes the biscuit) It Is GrowingWith the Hollow Earth thing, there is just so much data in so many different disciplines that most people who get into this in a serious way either try to write a book about it, or actually get around to write and publish one. Several articles out there on the web touch on the main points, and they are all on the rather long side. You can fill a small library with books about the subject. So, take it from me: there is no short and conveniently catchy way to present the evidence for the Hollow Earth. Less so if you add the fact that the Earth is hollow and it is growing. That’s right. We have a hollow and expanding Earthunder our feet. Apparently. Yes, it is yet another deeply irritating mystery. Sorry for the cognitive dissonance, I am still tuning my wet piano.
Several authors have done a thorough job at combing through the evidence. Just as an example, one writer and researcher has a bibliography of some 50 arctic expedition books in his piece of 450 pages, and he gives these most diverse and astounding anomalies a cold and hard look. This author, Marshall B. Gardner, sent a copy of “A Journey to the Earth’s Interior, Or Have the Poles Really Been Discovered?” to the US government in 1920 and challenged them to refute it. The Feds haven’t gotten around to it yet, and it was a few decades ago. The bell rang a long time ago if you ask me.
One single article with most of the points that indicate that our earth is hollow … that sounds a lot easier than it is done. You end up writing a freaking book, or an endless piece of an article that you, the reader, might not have time for right now, while I don’t get paid for it right now, actually, ever.
The Ultimate Heresy
So here is the solution: we saddle the horse the wrong way. We just assume for ten minutes that the earth and all planets are obviously hollow in nature, and inhabited, at least in the case of Earth. We then deliver the evidence and documented observations as proof to those asking for this proof that the Earth is in fact a hollow sphere. And not a nice, solid, slightly flattened sphere around a progressively cooling liquid core. Or flat.
One more thing before we get into the subject for real. If it is true that the earth is a hollow sphere, and inhabited by beings who are by all accounts much superior to us, then it means that the implications are staggering. It is hard tothink of bigger implications than the Hollow Earth. It changes everything. It is the biggest and most direct game-changer I could find in the field of alternative science. It is like coming around a corner and there you see Bugs Bunny, Santa Claus and the Pink Panther playing poker. Looks like they did not tell you something important. Very irritating.
It would also mean that the Hollow Earth is the best-kept secret of all the many well-kept secrets that are kept somewhere. In the woowoo corner, for example. The totally bananas wing. Where they keep those flat-earthers.
So here we go, hurry up and wait and, eventually, there you are.
The ultimate woowoo idea, only a few centuries ago, was that the earth was a sphere. You know, a roundish thing, a big marble in space, made of mostly rock. It was, of course, a flat surface, as everybody could check out for himself, with the oceans around the land masses ending a seaman’s (already tough) life in a free-fall into the abyss.
It is said that those keeping the real shape of the world a secret did so because it was good for business, and it kept curiosity in check. Good for certain business, and a check on inconvenient curiosity. This way, insisting that the earth was flat, nobody knew where the highway was, and kept plodding along country dirt roads. Physically, mentally and spiritually.
The Ultimate Secret
This Hollow Earth thing is the best-kept secret of them all. If it is not true, it is not a secret. Aliens by the dozens who are milking us and mixing with us genetically is absolutely mainstream when compared to the Hollow Earth. But only the inclusion of not-yet-mainstream cosmology like the Quantum Vacuum, the Electric (nature of the) Universe, the fact that gravity is not at all explained, and a good dose of pattern recognition eases the way into the Hollow Earth “zone”.
Actually, if you stack the two against each other, which model explains the observations a lot better than the other, the clear winner is: Hollow Planets. Including our Earth. It will take some time to explain it all, which is why there is some space reserved for more parts of this article.
Fast forward to 2010, where the proverbial woo woo topic, one that causes your otherwise still somewhat presentable reputation to make a big sucking sound, is the Hollow Earth gig. It is definitely on top of the list. The concept that the earth is a shell, a couple of hundred miles thick, with two polar openings that connect inner and outer surfaces, an inner sun and … check this out … intelligent life. Really intelligent life, not like us pack-hunting, weapon- wielding primates with an inferiority complex, but really cool, intelligent life that, in a word, knows how to have a good party at the right times.
Yes, of course they live inside and know how to get out quickly, too. Through the polar openings, for example. Those got them going about these cool flying discs, and the rotating fields helped, too.
image 2
Jupiter is hollow with an interior Sun. Look at this brilliant light shining at the Pole.
Let this roll around in your walnut for a second. It used to be the most freaky concept around, and only seconds ago when measured in earthly civilization’s time. All sorts of immediately handy arguments were stoning you before you could even get halfway through the points you wanted to make, back then, about the Earth being round. You were actually burned at the stake, and it was not fun.
Switch back to the Hollow Earth of today. “Woowoo land” you say, “through and through, complete nonsense – impossible – we would know about it – give me a break – they can’t keep a secret like this – what about the satellite photos – what about gravity – what about that other thing – are you saying you are wasting your time with this?” … and so on.
Look at it as the best-kept secret ever – for now. Rumors and even evidence of it abound, but no official statements or photos are shown at school, university, or prime-time teevee. Actually, that is not true. See the case of Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd (US Navy) and many other sober people further down the Hollow Earth path.
The Ultimate ‘Did You Know That … Never Mind’
Here is a list of the wide range of evidence which we will now present to the un- believing outer earth visitors who want to know why they have never heard about the Hollow Earth before, and feel that they have been somewhat left out.
Concepts
- All planets are spheres, not only the Earth: the Moon, Saturn, Jupiter, the Sun itself
- Standard planetary formation theories: how were they formed, what made them spin, and still does: completely woowoo
- A massive planetary body with an incandescent and progressively cooling core would crack into pieces while cooling and shrinking
- Gaseous planetary bodies like the sun and the large planets of our solar system can not generate a magnetic field; but they all have one
- All the solar system’s outer planets emit more energy than they receive from the sun
- A spinning planetary body in formation has zero gravity in its center, so mass does accumulate where gravitational and centrifugal forces are balanced within the area of the spinning matter, and that form would be a sphere with openings at the top and bottom, like a hurricane of matter in space – not as a solid body with a solid center (the center has zero gravity)
- If planets were formed from cosmic dust which started to condense into a body like Earth, then the angular momentum would still continue to increase, which it doesn’t – the earth’s spin is steady, not slowing down or speeding up
- Larger planets with more mass should spin more slowly than smaller planets with less mass – but they don’t: the largest, Jupiter, spins a lot faster (once every 10 hours) than Mercury, which is just a tiny fraction the size of Jupiter and needs 58 Earth days for one spin around its axis
General Observations
- Both Earth and Moon ring hollow for hours after struck with meteorites, as measured by seismic stations on Earth and on the Moon* Earthquakes do not occur deeper than 450 miles, but down there, the supposedly molten magma would not create and release friction via earthquakes – a viscous or molten mass equalizes tension, it does not accumulate tension because it is flexible
- Gravity experiments in mine shafts show that the balls pointing to the center of gravity point away from the center of the Earth, instead of towards it, as measured by the distance at the top and bottom of two lead balls hanging from very long wires into a mine shaft
- … Odd …” would inspector Clouseau say
Observations at the Earth’s poles: welcome to Mr. Woo’s pole anomalies
- The temperature, as one gets past a certain latitude, increases as one approaches the poles, which is not supposed to happen; arctic (and in less cases, antarctic) explorers have reported in their ship’s logs to have taken off their climate gear (this was before Goretex)
- Floating flora and fauna near the northern polar region’s ocean: seeds, flowers and trees are found at latitudes where none should be, and they are often very fresh, not decomposed from many months of floating in the ocean currents that might have brought them from far away
- Spiders, bees, mosquitos, moths and flies were found once past the cold and icy region below the north pole; northern Greenland is the mosquito capital of the world
- Many bird species in the northern hemisphere migrate north – before winter; birds in the southern hemisphere migrate south in their winter, too – if the poles are the coldest regions, it makes no sense, but flocks of millions of birds like the auk have been observed doing this, and they must have a very good reason
- Presence of seal, auk, goose, seagull, duck, rabbit, wolf, fox, bear and other large animals at extreme northern latitudes (the exploration of Antarctica is much more scarce compared to Arctic explorers)
- The origin of icebergs: around the north pole, they are made of frozen sweetwater – not frozen saltwater. There is little if any precipitation of rain or snow (sweetwater) in the polar regions. Saltwater freezes to sea ice at low enough temperatures. There is no supply of sweetwater to explain the existence of icebergs which are hundreds of feet high, up to hundreds of miles long and dozens of miles wide* Icebergs around the north pole are colored by red pollen of an unknown plant, as well as dust – a lot of it; including earth material on top of them
- Massive wave-like or tidal movements in the arctic polar region have been witnessed by many explorers, waves which cracked and moved the ice floes around the explorer’s ships in a very, very major way that had their hair stand on end
- Floating and deposited driftwood (including exotic species) is extremely abundant and sometimes stacked 15 feet/5m high along the coasts in the polar region of Spitzbergen and Greenland, up to 86 degrees latitude north
- Mammoth, elephant, woolly rhinoceros, hippopotamus, lion and hyena have been found in the ice from the north pole that is also deposited on the coasts of Siberia; entire forests of mammoth ivory have been found there
- The stomach content of (un)frozen mammoth has been found to contain tropical (undigested) plants that do not occur anywhere in the northen polar region; supposedly, the last time the mammoths were clomping around was during the last Ice Age (not the Pixar animation films 1, 2 or 3), but many were found with their (un)frozen meat good enough to give it to the sled dogs in Siberia for dinner (or late lunch) [Note from the editor: If these mammoths came out of Inner Earth via the huge freshwater rivers that flow outwards and freeze as they pass the northern polar opening, then the theory of a massive crustal shift of the Earth which supposedly transported mammoths who had been peacefully chomping on tropical plants way up north, in two days, causing them to insta-freeze as a result of a polar reversal, has one argument less; see Charles Hapgood, Maurice Cotterell, Patrick Geryl, Clif High and others]
Instrument Anomalies at the Earth’s poles
- Approaching the magnetic pole, the compass needle points down towards the dial – and passing the “horizon”, where the surface or Earth curves inward at the poles, like an apple into its center, only much more pronounced – the compass needle starts pointing up, behaving now like a vertical and not a horizontal instrument
- The magnetic north pole is not a specific point, it is a large area around the geographic north or south poles, which do not exist as solid points on a surface, they are points in empty space; magnetic and geographic poles have a different axis, as you know; the compass stops working in a horizontal plane, and actually indicates the location of a magnetic “pole” over a vast area. You can circle the area around the geographic pole and always get a “north” readingwith the compass. In short, there is no specific point, but an area where magnetic “north” or “south” is shown with a compass
Hullo Earth FAQ: The Questions We Can’t Promise To Answer Right Now
Some speculative, fuzzy quantum unlogical and in no way binding answers to the Hollow Earth FAQ. Just to keep it fun on our way out.
Some speculative, fuzzy quantum unlogical and in no way binding answers to the Hollow Earth FAQ. Just to keep it fun on our way out.
- What about gravity?
Center of gravity is in the approximate center of the 800-mile thick eggshell of the Earth, and works inside and outside of the planetary shell; the center of gravity is not at, or towards, the center of the Earth - What about the inner sun?
What about it? - What about the inner world?
A huge topic, hang in there for a sneak peak, and prepare to fasten seat belts - What about the outer world and the inner world together? WTF?
Yes - Can one see the openings when getting closer by land or air?
No, but strange phenomena occur, like ‘watery skies’, the reflections along the lip of the arctic hole where the ocean is reflected by the atmosphere. You would love to see it. - Why haven’t I heard about this before? I mean, seriously?
Secrets are best hidden out in the open; the woowoo areas are best - I have most if not all the Hollow Earth classic books and websites. Have all these books about all these facts been suppressed, or banned, forgotten, ignored, ridiculed?
Guess - What about Admiral Byrd’s expeditions? Wasn’t he in the newspapers?
Excellent question, he will be focused on. He was indeed on radio and in newspapers, and commanded among other expeditions “Operation High Jump” — a navy fleet that went after the disappeared German submarines and thousands of German people after world war #2 — it was to the south pole if I remember correctly - What is science saying about this?
Corporate, private or state ‘science’ that gets loaded into textbooks for indoctrination can not deal with this for reasons that are obvious; this science has the role that the high priests used to have when the earth was flat [Editor's note: and now 'it is too late to loose the weight you used to need to throw around' - Pink Floyd] - Why don’t I see this on NatGeo, History, Discovery, and other high- quality corporate brainwashing networks?
I was hoping you would ask - Can we see the polar openings from space?
Absolutely, depending on your exact location and the weather patterns, your security clearance and the effectiveness of the selective memory delete process after you have seen it, please look into this device now - Are satellite images of the polar regions censored?Of course not. Hey, pigs fly, buddy, some at least … they fly north before winter, these dumb animals
Epilog to the Hollow Earth Introlog
… And the earth used to be flat. Then, a solid ball, like a magma ball in space with a solid crust. When in fact it is a sphere which rings like a bell for weeks and months when struck by meteorites and earthquakes … speaking of which … time to end this introduction. Just in time. Rrrinnnggggggggggggg.
VIDEO DOCUMENTARY PART 2
Hollow Earth, Documentary, Brooks Agnew
Official Documentary pre to the North Pole Inner Earth expedition featuring Agnew,Brooks PHD on the Hollow Earth theory.
3 videos
Total Lenght: 29 Minutes
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Source: Viewzone * AgartthaTV
PART 2
HOLLOW EARTH HYPOTHESIS – SUBTERRANEAN CIVILIZATIONS – AGARTHA
Hollow Earth Theories always propose a central sun, aliens, and mythical subterranean cities and civilizations that some believe could link science and pseudoscience if physically discovered. Glaciers at both the Arctic and Antarctic regions are melting down at an accelerated rate, which will reveal the truth behind this mystery and its metaphoric connections to other creation myths in the story of humanity’s journey on plant Earth.
According to the Hollow Earth Hypothesis, planet Earth is either wholly hollow or otherwise contains a substantial interior space. The hypothesis has long been contradicted by overwhelming observational evidence, as well as by the modern understanding of planet formation; the scientific community has dismissed the notion since at least the late 18th century.
The concept of a hollow Earth still recurs in folklore and as the premise for a sub-genre of adventure fiction. It also features in some present-day pseudoscientific and conspiracy theories.
Underground civilizations link with the ‘Hollow Earth Theory’. There are supposedly races that exist in subterranean cities beneath planet Earth. Very often, these dwellers of the world beneath are more technologically advanced than we on the surface. Some believe that UFOs are not from other planets, but are manufactured by strange beings in the interior of the Earth.
CONVENTIONAL HOLLOW EARTH THEORIES
Early History
In ancient times, the idea of subterranean realms seemed arguable, and became intertwined with the concept of “places” such as the Greek Hades, the Nordic svartalfheim, the Christian Hell, and the Jewish Sheol (with details describing inner Earth in Kabalistic literature, such as the Zohar and Hesed L’Avraham).
Edmond Halley in 1692 put forth the idea of Earth consisting of a hollow shell about 800 km (500 miles) thick, two inner concentric shells and an innermost core, about the diameters of the planets Venus, Mars, and Mercury. Atmospheres separate these shells, and each shell has its own magnetic poles. The spheres rotate at different speeds. Halley proposed this scheme in order to explain anomalous compass readings. He envisaged the atmosphere inside as luminous (and possibly inhabited) and speculated that escaping gas caused the Aurora Borealis.
De Camp and Ley have claimed (in their Lands Beyond) that Leonhard Euler also proposed a hollow-Earth idea, getting rid of multiple shells and postulating an interior sun 1000 km (600 miles) across to provide light to advanced inner-Earth civilization (but they provide no references). However in his Letters to a German princess Euler describes a thought experiment involving a patently solid Earth.
De Camp and Ley also claim that Sir John Leslie expanded on Euler’s idea, suggesting two central suns named Pluto and Proserpine (this was unrelated to the dwarf planet Pluto, which was discovered and named some time later). Leslie did propose a hollow Earth in his 1829 Elements of Natural Philosophy (pp. 449 453), but does not mention interior suns.
19th century
In 1818, John Cleves Symmes, Jr. suggested that the Earth consisted of a hollow shell about 1300 km (800 miles) thick, with openings about 2300 km (1400 miles) across at both poles with 4 inner shells each open at the poles. Symmes became the most famous of the early Hollow Earth proponents. He proposed making an expedition to the North Pole hole, thanks to efforts of one of his followers, James McBride, but the new President of the United States, Andrew Jackson, halted the attempt.
Jeremiah Reynolds also delivered lectures on the “Hollow Earth” and argued for an expedition. Reynolds went on an expedition to Antarctica himself but missed joining the Great U.S. Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842, even though that venture was a result of his agitation.
Though Symmes himself never wrote a book about his ideas, several authors published works discussing his ideas. McBride wrote Symmes’ Theory of Concentric Spheres in 1826. It appears that Reynolds has an article that appeared as a separate booklet in 1827: Remarks of Symmes’ Theory Which Appeared in the American Quarterly Review.
In 1868, a professor W.F. Lyons published The Hollow Globe which put forth a Symmes-like Hollow Earth hypothesis, but didn’t mention Symmes. Symmes’s son Americus then published The Symmes’ Theory of Concentric Spheres to set the record straight.
Recent Theories
The Thule Society, which was well known by Adolf Hitler,reported much about Tibetan myths of openings into the Earth. There is even a theory that Hitler ordered a research journey for such an opening in Antarctica, based on a speech of Admiral Dönitz in front of a German submarine in 1944, when he claimed “The German submarine fleet is proud of having built an invisible fortification for the Führer, anywhere in the world.” During the Nuremberg Trials, Dönitz spoke of “an invisible fortification, in midst of the eternal ice.”
- As the story goes … Hitler and his followers wanted to create a race of super soldiers an Ayran race (like the Atlanteans) to rule the world. They came to this conclusion through the acceptance of many occult beliefs and practices, including the Hollow Earth Theory. There is a legend which says that Hitler and his chief advisers escaped the last days of the Third Reich by going through the opening at the South Pole (Antarctica) where they discovered an entrance to the Earth’s interior.According to the Hollow Earth Research Society in Ontario, Canada, they are still there. After the war, the organization claims, the Allies discovered that more than 2,000 scientists from Germany and Italy had vanished, along with almost a million people, to the land beyond the South Pole. This story gets more complicated with Nazi-designed UFOs, Nazi collaboration with the people who live in the center of the Earth, and the possible explanation for “Aryan-looking” UFO pilots.
In 2005, Steven Currey Expeditions planned an expedition to the North Pole region to explore for a possible opening into the inner Earth. Brooks A. Agnew took over as leader on Currey’s death in 2006, with the plan of taking 100 scientists and film makers to the supposed Arctic “opening” in 2009.
An early twentieth-century proponent of hollow Earth, William Reed, wrote Phantom of the Poles in 1906. He supported the idea of a hollow Earth, but without interior shells or inner sun.
Marshall Gardner wrote A Journey to the Earth’s Interior in 1913 and an expanded edition in 1920. He placed an interior sun in the hollow Earth. He even built a working model of the hollow Earth and patented it. Gardner made no mention of Reed, but did take Symmes to task for his ideas. In the same time Vladimir Obruchev wrote a fiction novel Plutonia, where the hollow Earth’s interior possessed one inner (central) sun and was inhabited by prehistoric species. The interior was connected with the surface by a hole in the Arctic.
Other writers have proposed that ascended masters of esoteric wisdom inhabit subterranean caverns or a hollow Earth. Antarctica, the North Pole, Tibet, Peru, and Mount Shasta in California, USA, have all had their advocates as the locations of entrances to a subterranean realm referred to as Agartha, with some even advancing the hypothesis that UFOs have their homeland in these places.
Raymond W. Bernard
In 1964, Raymond W. Bernard, an esotericist and leader of the Rosicrucians published The Hollow Earth – The Greatest Geographical Discovery in History Made by Admiral Richard E. Byrd in the Mysterious Land Beyond the Poles – The True Origin of the Flying Saucers. Bernard tells stories about people who have entered the inner earth and what has happened to them. It mentions a photograph published in 1960 in the Globe and Mail in Toronto, Canada which shows a beautiful valley with lush hills. An aviator claimed that he had taken the picture while flying into the North Pole.
In his Letters from Nowhere, Bernard claims to have been in contact with great mystics in secret ashrams and with Grand Lamas in Tibet. He was, in short, another Gurdjieff. Dr. Bernard “died of pneumonia on September 10, 1965, while searching the tunnel openings to the interior of the Earth, in South America.”
Bernard seems to have accepted every legend ever associated with the hollow Earth idea, including the notions that the Eskimos originated within the Earth and an advanced civilization dwells within even now, revving up their UFOs for occasional forays into thin air. Bernard even accepts without question Shaver’s claim that he learned the secret of relativity before Einstein from the Hollow Earth people.
The Adventures of Admiral Byrd
Admiral Richard E. Byrd of the United States Navy flew to the North Pole in 1926 and over the South Pole in 1929. he referred to Antarctica as “The Land of Everlasting Mystery”. In reference to the North Pole he wrote: “I’d like to see that land beyond the North Pole, it is the Center of the Great Unknown.”
- In his diary, Byrd allegedly tells of entering the hollow interior of the earth, along with others and traveling 17 miles over mountains, lakes, rivers, green vegetation, and animal life. He tells of seeing tremendous animals resembling the mammoths of antiquity moving through the brush. He eventually found cities and a thriving civilization. The external temperature was 74 degrees F.His airplane was greeted by flying machines of a type he had never seen before. They escorted him to a safe landing area where he was graciously greeted by emissaries from Agartha. After resting, he and his crew, were taken to meet the king and queen of Agartha. They told him that he had been allowed to enter Agartha because of his high moral and ethical character. They went on to say that they worried about the safety of planet due to he bombs and other testing done above the surface by governments. After the visit Byrd and his crew were guided back to the surface of the planet.
Byrd stated that the North and South Poles are only two of many openings into the center of the Earth. He also wrote about seeing a sun below the Earth.
Concave Hollow Earths
Humans live on the interior; with the universe in the center.
Instead of saying that humans live on the outside surface of a hollow planet, sometimes called a “convex” hollow-Earth hypothesis, some have claimed that our universe itself lies in the interior of a hollow world, calling this a “concave” hollow-Earth hypothesis. The surface of the Earth, according to such a view, might resemble the interior shell of a Dyson sphere. Generally, scientists have taken neither type of speculation seriously.
Cyrus Teed, an eccentric doctor from upstate New York, proposed such a concave hollow Earth in 1869, calling his scheme “Cellular Cosmogony”. Teed founded a cult called the Koreshan Unity based on this notion, which he called Koreshanity. The main colony survives as a preserved Florida state historic site, at Estero, but all of Teed’s followers have now died. Teed’s followers claimed to have experimentally verified the concavity of the Earth’s curvature, through surveys of the Florida coastline making use of “rectilineator” equipment.
Several twentieth-century German writers, including Peter Bender, Johannes Lang, Karl Neupert, and Fritz Braun, published works advocating the hollow Earth hypothesis, or Hohlweltlehre. It has even been reported, although apparently without historical documentation, that Adolf Hitler was influenced by concave hollow-Earth ideas and sent an expedition in an unsuccessful attempt to spy on the British fleet by aiming infrared cameras up into the sky (Wagner, 1999).
The Egyptian mathematician Mostafa Abdelkader authored several scholarly papers working out a detailed mapping of the concave Earth model. See M. Abdelkader, “A Geocosmos: Mapping Outer Space Into a Hollow Earth,” 6 Speculations in Science & Technology 81 89 (1983). Abstracts of two of Abdelkader’s papers also appeared in Notices of the American Mathematical Society, (Oct. 1981 and Feb. 1982).
In one chapter of his book On the Wild Side (1992), Martin Gardner discusses the hollow Earth model articulated by Abdelkader. According to Gardner, this hypothesis posits that light rays travel in circular paths, and slow as they approach the center of the spherical star-filled cavern. No energy can reach the center of the cavern, which corresponds to no point a finite distance away from Earth in the widely accepted scientific cosmology.
A drill, Gardner says, would lengthen as it traveled away from the cavern and eventually pass through the “point at infinity” corresponding to the center of the Earth in the widely accepted scientific cosmology. Supposedly no experiment can distinguish between the two cosmologies. Martin Gardner notes that “most mathematicians believe that an inside-out universe, with properly adjusted physical laws, is empirically irrefutable”. Gardner rejects the concave hollow Earth hypothesis on the basis of Occam’s Razor.
In a trivial sense, one can always define a coordinate transformation such that the interior of the Earth becomes “exterior” and the exterior becomes “interior”. Such transformations would require corresponding changes to the forms of physical laws; the consensus suggests that such theories tend towards sophism.
CONTRARY EVIDENCE
Gravity
The best scientific argument against that of a hollow Earth (or in fact any hollow planet) is gravity. Massive objects tend to clump together gravitationally, creating non-hollow spherical objects we call stars and planets. The solid sphere is the best way in which to minimize the gravitational potential energy of a physical object; having hollowness is therefore unfavorable in the energetic sense. In addition, ordinary matter is not strong enough to support a hollow shape of planetary size against the force of gravity.
Someone on the inside of a hollow Earth would not experience an outward pull and could not stand on the inner surface; rather, the theory of gravity implies that a person on the inside would be nearly weightless. This was first shown by Newton, whose shell theorem mathematically predicts a gravitational force (from the shell) of zero everywhere inside a spherically symmetric hollow shell of matter, regardless of the shell’s thickness.
A tiny gravitational force would arise from the fact that the Earth does not have a perfectly symmetrical spherical shape, as well as forces from other bodies such as the Moon. The centrifugal force from the Earth’s rotation would pull a person (on the inner surface) outwards if the person was traveling at the same velocity as the Earth’s interior and was in contact with the ground on the interior, but even at the equator this is only 1/300 of ordinary Earth gravity.
The mass of the planet also indicates that the hollow Earth hypothesis is unfeasible. Should the Earth be largely hollow, its mass would be much lower and thus its gravity on the outer surface would be much lower than it currently is.
Seismic Information
Although not visually observable, the core of the Earth is observable via vibrations (primarily from earthquakes) passing from one side of the planet to the other. Using this method, geologists have been able to establish the structure of mantle, outer core, and inner core known today. A hollow earth would behave entirely differently in terms of seismic observations.
Visual Evidence
The deepest hole drilled to date is the SG-3 borehole which is 12.3 km (7.6 miles) deep, part of the Soviet Kola Superdeep Borehole project; thus, visual knowledge of the Earth’s structure extends that far.
HOLLOW EARTHS IN FICTION
The idea of a hollow Earth is a very common element of fiction, appearing as early as Ludvig Holberg’s 1741 novel Nicolai Klimii iter subterraneum (Niels Klim’s Underground Travels), in which Nicolai Klim falls through a cave while spelunking and spends several years living on both a smaller globe within and the inside of the outer shell.
Other pre-20th century examples include Giacomo Casanova’s 1788 Icosaméron, a 5-volume, 1,800-page story of a brother and sister who fall into the Earth and discover the subterranean utopia of the Mégamicres, a race of multicolored, hermaphroditic dwarfs; Symzonia: A Voyage of Discovery by a “Captain Adam Seaborn” (1820) which reflected the ideas of John Cleves Symmes, Jr. and some have claimed Symmes as the real author; Edgar Allan Poe’s 1838 novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket; and George Sand’s 1884 novel Laura, Voyage dans le Cristal where unseen and giant crystals could be found in the interior of the Earth.
More recently, the idea has become a staple of science fiction, appearing in print, in film, on television, in comics, role-playing games, and in many animated works.
The idea as also used by Edgar Rice Burroughs, the creator of Tarzan, in a series of novels beginning with “At the Earth’s Core” (1914). Using a mechanical drill, his heroes discover a prehistoric world 500 miles below the surface. Lit by an inner sun, this inner earth is called “Pellucidar” due to the constant light of the unsetting inner sun. There is also an inner moon which creates a “Land of the Dreadful Shadow” by blocking the light of the inner sun for a portion of Pellucidar. Burroughs also makes use of the idea of openings at the poles, and has zeppelins travel to the interior of the earth via these openings. There are seven novels in the “Pellucidar”series.
The Elder Race – The Shaver Mystery
One of the most controversial tales of inner-Earth-dwellers is the so-called Shaver Mystery. In 1945, Amazing Stories magazine, under the editorship of Ray Palmer, ran a story told by American writer and artist Richard Shaver, who claimed he had recently been the guest of what remained of an giant race called the Elder Race, or Titans, an underground civilization that lived in caverns under the earth.
Shaver contended that the Elder Superior Pre-historic Race came to this planet from another solar system in our prehistoric past. After a time of living on the surface, they realized our sun was causing them to age prematurely, so they escaped underground, building huge subterranean complexes in which to live. Eventually, they decided to seek a new home on a new planet, evacuating the Earth and leaving behind their underground cities – a honeycomb of caves in the Earth – populated by artificial beings: the evil Dero, detrimental robots and the good Tero, integrated robots. Shaver claimed to have met the Tero.
According to Shaver, the Dero, live there still, using the fantastic machines abandoned by the ancient races to torment those of us living on the surface. As one characteristic of this torment, Shaver described “voices” that purportedly came from no explainable source. Thousands of readers wrote to affirm that they, too, had heard the fiendish voices from inside the Earth.
Despite the enormous popularity of the “Shaver Mystery in Amazing Stories”, Palmer milked it for all it was worth, and more. The location of the entrance to this underground world was never divulged. Although few really believed the story, and many suspect that Shaver may actually have been psychotic, Shaver always averred that his story was true.
AGARTHA
Agartha (sometimes Agartta, Agharti or Agarttha) is a legendary city that is said to reside in the Earth’s core. It is related to the Hollow Earth theory and is a popular subject in Esotericism.
Agartha is one of the most common names cited for the society of underground dwellers. Shamballa (also known as Shambalah or Shangri-La) is sometimes said to be its capital city. The mythical paradise of Shamballa is known under many different names: It has been called the Forbidden Land, the Land of White Waters, the Land of Radiant Spirits, the Land of Living Fire, the Land of the Living Gods and the Land of Wonders. Hindus have known it as Aryavartha (literally : The Land or Realm of The Aryans ; the Land of the Noble/Worthy Ones”) – the land from which the Vedas come; the Chinese as Hsi Tien, the Western Paradise of Hsi Wang Mu, the Royal Mother of the West; the Russian Old Believers, a nineteenth-century Christian sect, knew it as Belovodye and the Kirghiz people as Janaidar. But throughout Asia it is best known by its Sanskrit name, Shambhala, meaning ‘the place of peace, of tranquillity.’
While once a popular concept, in the last century little serious attention has been paid to these conjectures (with the possibly apocryphal exception of Adolf Hitler), and the theory is not supported by modern science. The idea of subterranean worlds may have been inspired by ancient religious beliefs in Hades, Sheol, and Hell. Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski’s 1920 book Beasts, Men, and Gods also discusses Agartha. The myth of “Agartha” is also known as “Shambhala”, as it was known in India, the underworld realm peopled by initiates and lead by ‘the Masters”, Masters who are the Spiritual leaders of humanity.
Agartha is the great Asian University of the Initiates of the Greater Mysteries. Their ‘Mahatma’ (‘Great Soul’), Who is also known as ” The Lord of The World ” , plays the part of the supreme spiritual leader of humanity.
According to Alexandre Saint-Yves d’Alveydre (1842-1909) of France, the secret world of “Agartha” and all of its wisdom and wealth “will be accessible for all mankind, when Christianity lives up to the commandments which were once drafted by Moses and Jesus, meaning ‘When the Anarchy which exists in our world is replaced by the Synarchy”. Saint-Yves gives a ‘lively’ description of “Agartha” in this book as if it were a place which really exists, situated in the Himalayas in Tibet. Saint-Yves’ version of the history of “Agartha” is based upon ‘ revealed’ information, meaning received by Saint-Yves himself through ‘attunement’. Saint-Yves d’Alveydre created the Archaeometre.
Shambhala concept figures prominently in Vajrayana Buddhism and Tibetan Kalachakra teachings and revived in the West by Blavatsky and Theosophical Society. As with many concepts in Vajrayana Buddhism, the idea of Shambhala is said to have an ‘outer,’ ‘inner,’ and ‘secret’ meaning. The outer meaning understands Shambhala to exist as a physical place, although only individuals with the appropriate karma can reach it and experience it as such. There are various ideas about where this society is located, but it is often placed in central Asia, north of Tibet. The inner and secret meanings refer to more subtle understandings of what Shambhala represents, and are generally passed on orally. Alice Bailey transformed it into a kind of extradimensional or spiritual reality. The Roerichs see its existence as both spiritual and physical.
The Hollow Earth or hollow planet theory is also supported by superconscious knowledge based channeled sources of universal nature like Seth channeled by Jane Roberts, Ramtha by J.Z. Knight and Datre by Aona.
Among the purported entrances to Agartha are:
- Cueva de los Tayos (Cave of the oil birds), Ecuador
- Gobi Desert , Mongolia.
- Great Pyramid of Giza
- Iguazu Falls , Argentina and Brazil
- Mammoth Cave , Kentucky, USA
- Manaus , Brazil
- Mato Grosso , Brazil
- Mount Epomeo , Italy
- Mount Shasta , California (the Agharthean city of Telos)
- North Pole
- Rama , near Jaipur, India
- South Pole
- The Well of Sheshna in Benares, India (the Agharthean city of Patala)
Theory
An early source for the belief in underground civilizations is The Smoky God(1908) by Willis George Emerson (1856 – 1918), which claims to be the biography of a Norwegian sailor named Olaf Jansen. The book explains how Jansen’s sloop sailed through an entrance to the Earth’s interior at the North Pole. For two years he lived with the inhabitants of an underground network of colonies who, Emerson writes, were a full 12 feet tall and whose world was lit by a “smoky” central sun. Their capital city was said to be the original Garden of Eden. While Emerson does not use the name Agartha, later works such as Agartha – Secrets of the Subterranean Cities have identified the civilization Jansen encountered with Agartha, and its citizens as Agarthan.
According to Secrets, Shamballa the Lesser, one of the colonies, was also the seat of government for the network. While Shamballa the Lesser is an inner continent, its satellite colonies are smaller enclosed ecosystems located just beneath the Earth’s crust or discreetly within mountains. Cataclysms and wars taking place on the surface drove these people underground. These were said to include a lengthy Atlantean-Lemurian war and the use of thermonuclear weaponry that eventually sank and destroyed these two highly advanced civilizations. The Sahara, Gobi, the Australian Outback and the deserts of the southwestern U.S. are said to be but a few examples of the devastation that resulted. The sub-cities were created as refuges for the people and as safe havens for sacred records, teachings and technologies that were cherished by these ancient cultures.
It is believed that the great kingdom of Lemuria which was located in the Gobi desert in Mongolia was destroyed by Atlantis in a great war that led to a cataclysmic destruction of Atlantis and Mu. Mu was a great city on the surface of what is now the Gobi desert. It had 2 satellite cities by the name of Agartha Alpha and Beta that survived the destruction.
The inhabitants of Agartha are said to have scientific knowledge and expertise far beyond that of the people who live on the surface of the planet, lost technology from the days of Atlantis.
The descendants of ancient Lemuria now live in peace in subterranean caverns. The leaders of these states (variously called Ascended Masters,Guardians of the Tradition, Psychoteleios or “the perfected ones”, the the Shining Ones, the Ancients, the Watchers, the Immortals, the Monitors, the Hidden Directorate, the Children of Seth, etc.) all follow what is known as the Ancient Path and do not interfere in the lives of humans that live above the surface. Nor is there any interaction between them.
There are no entrances to Agartha Alpha and Beta from any other part of the planet. The only entrances are in the Gobi desert itself and are secured by illusory technology that is beyond the comprehension of modern science.
The Tibetans refer to the cities of Agartha as Shambala and have believed for centuries in their existence as reservoirs of ancient knowledge and advanced technology.
Tibet
In Tibet, there is a major mystical shrine also called ‘Patala,’ which is said by the people there to sit atop an ancient cavern and tunnel system, which reaches throughout the Asian continent and possibly beyond. The Nagas also have an affinity with water, and the entrances to their underground palaces are often said to be hidden at the bottom of wells, deep lakes and rivers.”
Inhabitants
The Old Ones – In an article entitled “The Hollow Earth: Myth or Reality” for Atlantis Rising, Brad Steiger writes of the legends of “the Old Ones,” an ancient race that populated the surface world millions of years ago and then moved underground. “The Old Ones, an immensely intelligent and scientifically advanced race,” Steiger writes, “have chosen to structure their own environment under the surface of the planet and manufacture all their necessities.”
“The Old Ones are hominid, extremely long-lived, and pre-date Homo sapiens by more than a million years. The Old Ones generally remain aloof from the surface peoples, but from time to time, they have been known to offer constructive criticism; and it has been said, they often kidnap human children to tutor and rear as their own.”
Buddhist Theory
It is believed to be a race of supermen and superwomen who occasionally come to the surface to oversee the development of the human race. It is also believed that this subterranean world has millions of inhabitants and many cities, its capital being Shambala.
Ancient philosophy states that Agartha was first colonized thousands of years ago when a holy man lead a tribe to the underground. The people have scientific knowledge and expertice far beyond that of the people who live on the surface of the planet.
Hindu
The Ramayana one of the most famous texts of India, tells the story of the great avatar, Rama. It describes Rama as “an emissary from Agartha” who arrived on a Vimana.
In India there is an ancient belief, still held by some, in a subterranean race of serpent people who dwell in the cities Patala and Bhogavati. According to the legend, they wage war on the kingdom of Agharta. “The Nagas,” according to “The Deep Dwellers,” “are described as a very advanced race or species, with a highly-developed technology. They also harbor a disdain for human beings, whom they are said to abduct, torture, interbreed with and even to eat.”
The Entrances. While the entrance to Bhogavati is somewhere in the Himalayas, believers assert that Patala can be entered through the Well of Sheshna in Benares, India. Says William Michael Mott in “The Deep Dwellers”: “According to herpetologist and author Sherman A. Minton, as stated in his book Venomous Reptiles, this entrance is very real, with forty steps which descend into a circular depression, to terminate at a closed stone door which is covered in bas-relief cobras.
QUETZALCOATL
Quetzalcoatl is a Mesoamerican God linked with 2012 and the Mayan Calendar Prophecy. Legend has it he disappeared on a UFO for 8 days. He visited the inner worlds beneath the sea, returning to create man, leaving messages in the geometry of his design to be found at the end of time. (Lots of metaphors here)
Some believe the Gray Aliens are part of Hollow Earth Theory.
Pseudoscience – Remote Viewing
Do you believe in mythical civilizations below the earth? Did you ever remote view there? I explored several times, and though I found entities and consciously interacted with some, kind of like the film Avatar, I realized that like the Atlanteans, the Lemurians, and other mythical civilizations, they are part of other grid programs running parallel to our own.
Who or what is beneath the physical earth, if anything? I personally don’t believe anything is there in our reality, but it makes good copy as the Arctic and Antarctica melt down at an alarming rate. Anything that human consciousness can conceive/perceive, is out there somewhere. You can experience it all once you learn to grid travel or remote view, placing your consciousness beyond this part of the program.
2010 … Everything in the program is closing along with our reality here, and as this happens, souls experiencing in alternative grid realities are merging their souls aspects back into one … with messages about closure whether they are understand them or not. Dreams, memories, meditations, imagery … bleed through from one grid to another often confusing the observer. This will accelerate therefore allow your theories and conclusions to have room for change as new information reveals itself.
VIDEO DOCUMENTARY PART 3
The Hollow Earth
2 videos
Total Lenght: 21 Minutes
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Source: Christallinks * AgartthaTV
PART 3
HOLLOW EARTH – IS AGARTHA A REAL CITY?
Many psychics and mediums over the years claim to have channeled information from hollow Earth dwellers.
Many cultures around the world have myths and legends based on the idea that the Earth is hollow. From the ancient Greeks believing in the Underworld and some cultures even believing that hell itself really is a fiery place beneath the Earth’s surface.
o modern beliefs that great kingdoms exist down below, there has always been speculation about hollow Earth theories. supposedly, there are subterranean cities beneath the Earth’s surface, wherein many strange races of people live. Some, of course, believe that UFO’s come from these cities, where they were built by engineers with advanced technology.
Agartha is believed by some to be the name of an underground city. Many of the inhabitants are descended from humans who once lived on the Earth’s surface. According to legend, ancient Atlanteans and Lemurians fled underground during times of war and built great cities. Today, their descendants still exist underground. Some even say that another legendary city, Shamballa, is the capital city of Agartha.
How did the ancients manage to make it underground? And how do the UFO’s find their way out? Some legends suggest that there are entrances all around the Earth. These places are all famous landmarks or monuments: Kentucky Mommoth Cave in KY, Himalayan Mountains in Tibet (which is also allegedly the location of the long lost Shamballa), Pyramid of Giza in Egypt,
North Pole, South Pole, King Solomon’s Mines, Rama in India, and many other places.
North Pole, South Pole, King Solomon’s Mines, Rama in India, and many other places.
Speaking of India, there are still some people who believe in a subterranean race of snake-like people who dwell in other underground cities, and who often wage war on Agartha. These snake-like beings, who are known as “Nagas”, supposedly despise humans a great deal and kidnap, torture, and eat us.
Many psychics and mediums over the years claim to have channeled information from hollow Earth dwellers. Conspiracy theorists believe that even politicians are well aware of these underground cities. It’s even been rumored that Hitler once planned on sending researchers to Antarctica to find the entrance!
While most scientists and archaeologists find hollow Earth ideas to be absurd and silly, there are still many who believe that there may be something behind all the legends and myths. After all, gravity and the Earth’s mass themselves wouldn’t be as they are if the Earth was really hollow. If the Earth really is mainly hollow, it would have a much lower mass and gravity would be much less than it currently is.
VIDEO DOCUMENTARY PART 4
In search of the Inner Earth
In search for the inner world within our Hollow Earth. Requires more then an expedition but a change of mind set . When when we Humans evolve to a higher level then we may find common wisdom and knowledge with the people oF Aghartha.
2 videos
Total Length: 17 Minutes
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Source: UnsolvedMysteries * AgartthaTV
PART 4
HOLLOW EARTH – HOLES IN THE NORTH AND SOUTH POLES
These Images Now Show a Circular Opening at the North Pole!
Apollo 8 and Apollo 16 Photos of Earth, validates Hollow Earth Theories.
According to Mr. Bernard ( The Hollow Earth – 1979 ), (see diagram above) our world is hollow, with the crust of the earth being 800 miles thick. There exists two openings at the North and South Pole, each hole having a circumference of 1400 miles wide. At the center of the earth is not a molten core but an inner sun which is six hundred miles wide and is 2900 miles from the Inner Surfaces. The diameter of the lip at the opening at the poles is 1200 miles long, thus a person can not see the other side of the opening.
Therefore, there exists three worlds on our planet, the outer surface, where we live, the middle earth which purportedly is lined with many caverns, tunnels (made by someone), Inner Cities and people who live there and lastly the Inner Surface. How Gravity works then is the following. For the people who live on the outer surface, Gravity holds them down. For the people that live in the middle earth, the closer they get to the center of the crust (i.e. – 400 miles down), the less effect gravity will have upon them. In the book, “Etidorhpa”, when this individual traveling down into the earth reached the center of gravity, i.e. where there is no gravity — he was able to move by the power of his mind, his heart stop beating and he didn’t need to eat. He described gigantic vegetation that lives under the earth as this lesser pull of gravity allows things to grow larger. Lastly for the people who live on the inner surface, they would also feel gravity pull on them to walk on this surface but since there is an inner sun (called the “Atoma”, by channeler Michael Kant who appears in our crystal skull book Mysteries of the Crystal Skulls Revealed) they would have sunlight 24 hours a day. There is supposedly land masses and water bodies that exist on the Inner Earth, the same as the outer surface except the vibration and energy in the Inner Earth is more pure and of a higher vibrational frequency (some say a 4th dimensional frequency).
For people who have claimed to travel to the Inner Earth, they state that the people they encounter in this region are usually very tall. Some other individuals have speculated that descendants of Atlantis and Lemuria live in this Inner Utopia and therefore they are thousands of years ahead of us technologically and spiritually. Some others say that possibly the Mayans may have gone into this location as well, to explain where they disappeared. Again, according to our channeler Michael Kant, he claims that 12 galactic races came to our Earth long ago and created their first city underground in the 4 Corners area. Each race brought with them a crystal skull and body which contained the gentic coding of their race and cosmic knowledge. Six tribes decided to stay on the surface of the Earth and Six tribes went into the Inner Earth. Now all twelve tribe exist in the Inner Earth. It is also believed that other Extraterrestrial races may have bases in the Inner Earth as well. Michael describes in our book being taken by a Pleiadian Space Ship and given a tour of the Inner Earth.
VIDEO DOCUMENTARY PART 5
2012 and North Pole – Hollow Earth Expedition
2012 & North Pole Expedition
Doctor of Physics, Brooks Agnew discussed possible cataclysms that may occur around 2012, and offered an update on his planned North Pole Inner Earth Expedition. The current timetable is to embark on the expedition in August 2009, traveling to the Arctic region aboard a nuclear powered icebreaker. A helicopter and ship stored in the icebreaker will be used to advance scout for a hole that might exist in the curvature of the crust, he detailed.
Doctor of Physics, Brooks Agnew discussed possible cataclysms that may occur around 2012, and offered an update on his planned North Pole Inner Earth Expedition. The current timetable is to embark on the expedition in August 2009, traveling to the Arctic region aboard a nuclear powered icebreaker. A helicopter and ship stored in the icebreaker will be used to advance scout for a hole that might exist in the curvature of the crust, he detailed.
Agnew said ancient Mesoamericans described visits from the ‘Shining Ones’– possible ETs, who may have given them the knowledge of astronomy, architecture and agriculture. One of the Mayans’ complex calendrical systems ends in 2012, coinciding with the Earth aligning with a black hole in the center of the galaxy, he outlined. This positioning will cause planets to heat up in the solar system, and potentially wreak havoc with our climate, he said.
A pole shift could take place within a short time period– 3 to 5 days, and the reversal of Northern and Southern hemispheric patterns could set up a “global superstorm,” with 300 mph winds lasting up to a month, Agnew warned.
8 videos
Total Length: 75 Minutes
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PART 5
A NEW AGE, BILLY MEYER, HOLLOW EARTH
VIDEO DOCUMENTARY PART 6
Video designed to assist in eye opening to the real possibility of a new age..
1 video
Total length: 9 Minutes
Source: AgartthaTV
TO BE CONTINUED..
6 RESPONSES TO THE HOLLOW EARTH THEORY
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Thanks.
Michael